ABSTRACT
Background: Polymorphisms of Fc receptors for IgG (FcgR) have been proposed as a genetic factor that influences susceptibility for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Human FcgRIIa has 2 codominantly expressed alleles, H131 and R131, which differ at amino acid position 131 in the second extracelular domain (histidine or arginine respectively) and differ substantially in their ability to bind human IgG2. The H131 allele binds IgG2 efficiently, whereas R131 binds it poorly. Because IgG2 is a poor activator of the classical complement pathway, the H131 is essential for the disposal of IgG2 immune complexes. Aim: To determine the distribution of FcgRIIA genes in a cohort of Chilean SLE patients, with or without a history of lupus nephritis. Patients and methods: We studied 52 Chilean SLE patients fulfilling the 1982 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, 20 of whom had a history of nephritis, and 44 ethnically matched disease-free controls. FcgRIIa allotypes were genotyped by PCR. Results: No significant association was observed between the low affinity FcgRII receptor (FcgRIIa-R131) and the presence of SLE or lupus nephritis. However, genotype frequencies in SLE patients but not in controls, departed from the proportions predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting this locus might be related to the disease. Conclusions: Our results suggest that in Chilean patients with SLE, as well as in many other populations, the R131 allotype is not a major factor predisposing to the development of SLE or lupus nephritis
Subject(s)
Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Immunoglobulin G , Receptors, IgE , Alleles , Genotype , Kidney DiseasesABSTRACT
ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, EC 3.6.1.5) has both ATPase and ADPase activity that are stimulated by bivalent metais, with Ca2+ being the most effective. The possible physiological function of this enzyme, associated with placental and renal microvilli, is related to the extracellular metabolism of nucleotides. A comparison of the biochemical properties of human placenta and rat kidney apyrase is presented, showing similaiities in Mr, bivalent metal stimulation, nucleotide nonspecificity, insensitivity towards specifjc ATPase inhibitors, and lack of essential sulfhydryl and aliphatic hydroxyl groups. We describe the treatment of membrane preparations from both tissues with different detergents and the isoelectric focusing of the solubilized proteins to partially purify apyrase. An ectoenzyme localization is assigned both in microvillus membranes and in the vasculature on the basis of organ perfusion experiments with nucleotides in the presence of antibodies. Placental and kidney microvillus membranes inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, in agreement with an extracellular role. Initial studies on enzyme regulation suggested the existence of at least two types of modulatory proteins: an activating protein in the cytosol of both tissues, and an inhibitory protein associated with placental microsomes. Possible hormonal regulation was investigated in kidneys using in vivo estradiol treatment, but only slight changes in total apyrase activity were observed.